Vol. 4 – Núm. 2 / Julio – Diciembre – 2023

Information Security in the Metaverse: A Systematic and Prospective Review

Seguridad de la información en el metaverso: una revisión sistemática y prospectiva

Segurança da informação no metaverso: uma revisão sistemática e prospectiva

Giohann Mathias Mendoza Catagua

Universidad Técnica de Manabí

gmendoza3340@utm.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-6904

Jorge Luis Veloz Zambrano

Universidad Técnica de Manabí

jorge.veloz@utm.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9001-4478

Andrea Katherine Alcívar Cedeño

Universidad Técnica de Manabí

andrea.alcivar@utm.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7437-197X

César Armando Moreira Zambrano

Universidad Técnica de Manabí

armando.moreira@utm.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-0757

DOI / URL: https://doi.org/10.55813/gaea/ccri/v4/n2/257

Como citar:

Mendoza, M., Veloz, J., Alcívar, A. & Moreira, C. (2023). Information Security in the

Metaverse: A Systematic and Prospective Review. Código Científico Revista de Investigación,

4(2), 781-817.

Recibido: 11/09/2023 Aceptado: 11/12/2023 Publicado: 31/12/2023

Estudiante Ingeniería en Sistemas Informáticos en la Universidad Técnica de Manabí Portoviejo – Ecuador.

Magíster en Telecomunicaciones. Ingeniero en Sistemas Computacionales. Docente Universidad Técnica de

Manabí Portoviejo – Ecuador

Magíster en Telecomunicaciones. Ingeniero en Sistemas Computacionales. Docente Universidad Técnica de

Manabí Portoviejo – Ecuador.

Doctor en Ciencias Humanas, Magister en Redes y Comunicación. Ingeniero en Sistemas Informáticos. Docente

Universidad Técnica de Manabí Portoviejo – Ecuador.

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Abstract

The Metaverse, a constantly evolving three-dimensional virtual space, has captured the

attention of users eager for immersive experiences. However, this exciting digital world has

also raised significant concerns regarding information security. This study delves into the

extensive academic literature to conduct a comprehensive analysis of security tools in the

Metaverse and explore future applications in this emerging context. Three key trends emerge

from this in-depth analysis. Firstly, authentication and authorization stand out as cornerstones

in protecting users and their data in the Metaverse. The increasing adoption of multifactor

authentication underscores the importance of safeguarding access to this virtual environment.

Additionally, end-to-end encryption is presented as a vital shield against potential data

breaches. The second trend focuses on data protection and privacy. The concern for preserving

the integrity of personal information drives the development and implementation of data

anonymization technologies, marking a significant advancement in ensuring user privacy. The

third trend relates to threat detection and response. In response to the growing sophistication

of risks in the Metaverse, there is an observed increase in the adoption of artificial intelligence

and machine learning technologies. These advanced tools play a crucial role in identifying and

proactively mitigating security risks. In summary, this analysis reveals a dynamic landscape of

security in the Metaverse, characterized by the constant evolution of tools and strategies to

safeguard information. As this virtual environment continues to expand, information security

emerges as a fundamental component to ensure immersive and secure digital experiences.

Keywords: Risks; privacy; data protection; cybersecurity; threats.

Resumen

El Metaverso, un espacio virtual tridimensional en constante evolución, ha captado la atención

de usuarios ávidos de experiencias inmersivas. Sin embargo, este apasionante mundo digital

también ha generado importantes preocupaciones en materia de seguridad de la información.

Este estudio profundiza en la extensa literatura académica para realizar un análisis integral de

las herramientas de seguridad en el Metaverso y explorar aplicaciones futuras en este contexto

emergente. De este análisis en profundidad surgen tres tendencias clave. En primer lugar, la

autenticación y la autorización se destacan como piedras angulares para proteger a los usuarios

y sus datos en el Metaverso. La creciente adopción de la autenticación multifactor subraya la

importancia de salvaguardar el acceso a este entorno virtual. Además, el cifrado de extremo a

extremo se presenta como un escudo vital contra posibles violaciones de datos. La segunda

tendencia se centra en la protección de datos y la privacidad. La preocupación por preservar la

integridad de la información personal impulsa el desarrollo y la implementación de tecnologías

de anonimización de datos, lo que marca un avance significativo para garantizar la privacidad

del usuario. La tercera tendencia se relaciona con la detección y respuesta a amenazas. En

respuesta a la creciente sofisticación de los riesgos en el Metaverso, se observa un aumento en

la adopción de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial y aprendizaje automático. Estas

herramientas avanzadas desempeñan un papel crucial en la identificación y mitigación

proactiva de los riesgos de seguridad. En resumen, este análisis revela un panorama dinámico

de seguridad en el Metaverso, caracterizado por la constante evolución de herramientas y

estrategias para salvaguardar la información. A medida que este entorno virtual continúa

expandiéndose, la seguridad de la información emerge como un componente fundamental para

garantizar experiencias digitales inmersivas y seguras.

Palabras claves: Riesgos; privacidad; protección de Datos; la seguridad cibernética; amenazas

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Resumo

O Metaverso, um espaço virtual tridimensional em constante evolução, tem captado a atenção

de usuários ávidos por experiências imersivas. No entanto, este excitante mundo digital

também levantou preocupações significativas em matéria de segurança da informação. Este

estudo investiga a extensa literatura acadêmica para conduzir uma análise abrangente das

ferramentas de segurança no Metaverso e explorar aplicações futuras neste contexto emergente.

Três tendências principais emergem desta análise aprofundada. Em primeiro lugar, a

autenticação e a autorização destacam-se como pilares para proteger os utilizadores e os seus

dados no Metaverso. A crescente adoção da autenticação multifatorial sublinha a importância

de salvaguardar o acesso a este ambiente virtual. Além disso, a criptografia ponta a ponta é um

escudo vital contra possíveis violações de dados. A segunda tendência centra-se na proteção e

privacidade de dados. A preocupação com a preservação da integridade das informações

pessoais impulsiona o desenvolvimento e a implementação de tecnologias de anonimato de

dados, marcando um avanço significativo na garantia da privacidade do usuário. A terceira

tendência está relacionada à detecção e resposta a ameaças. Em resposta à crescente

sofisticação dos riscos no Metaverso, há um aumento na adoção de tecnologias de inteligência

artificial e aprendizado de máquina. Essas ferramentas avançadas desempenham um papel

crucial na identificação e mitigação proativa de riscos de segurança. Em resumo, esta análise

revela um cenário de segurança dinâmico no Metaverso, caracterizado pela constante evolução

de ferramentas e estratégias para salvaguardar a informação. À medida que este ambiente

virtual continua a expandir-se, a segurança da informação surge como um componente crítico

para garantir experiências digitais imersivas e seguras.

Palavras-chave: Riscos; privacidade; proteção de dados; cíber segurança; ameaças

Introduction

The Metaverse is a space where individuals can immerse themselves in virtual

experiences, interact with other users, and explore immersive digital worlds. However, this

constant interaction and the creation of virtual identities also come with risks associated with

security. Identity theft, avatar impersonation, personal data breach-es, and exposure to

malicious content are just some of the dangers that can lurk in the Metaverse.

The importance of security in this context is based on the need to protect users' privacy

and integrity. In an environment where vast amounts of personal data and digital transactions

are generated, safeguarding sensitive information becomes essential to maintain trust and

credibility in the Metaverse. Additionally, security is also crucial to ensure a threat-free virtual

experience where users can participate without fear of being victims of fraudulent or harmful

activities.

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Protection in the Metaverse extends beyond individual users and encompasses the

companies, organizations, and developers operating in this virtual universe. Security becomes

crucial to safeguard intellectual property, digital assets, and the underlying systems that support

the Metaverse. Implementing robust security measures such as data encryption, user

authentication, and threat detection becomes a priority to protect the interests of all involved

parties.

In addition to individual and enterprise protection, security in the Metaverse also has

sociocultural and ethical implications. As this virtual universe increasingly merges with our

everyday lives, it is essential to establish appropriate norms and regulations to ensure

harmonious and responsible coexistence. Security in the Metaverse involves not only

safeguarding data but also promoting equity, inclusion, and the protection of digital rights for

all users.

In this sense, the importance of security in the Metaverse lies in the need to protect

users' privacy, integrity, and interests, as well as the entities involved. As this concept continues

to gain significance in our society, it is crucial to address security challenges and adopt

proactive approaches to build a secure, trustworthy, and sustainable Metaverse for all.

Given that literature reviews related to the Metaverse do not show significant advances

in the field of information security, this study aims to identify current trends and tools to

provide information security in the Metaverse. The goal is to gain a clear understanding of the

security solutions being implemented in this virtual environment.

Information search

Keyword Identification

For the information search, keywords related to the research topic were used. These

keywords were selected based on a preliminary review of the literature and were refined as the

search progressed. The keywords used in this research were "Metaverse," "Cybersecurity,"

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"Privacy," "Threats," "Authentication," and "Data Protection." Each keyword was combined

with Boolean operators (AND, OR) and truncation (*) to expand or restrict the search according

to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Finally, the selected keywords were used to conduct the search in the selected

databases, as described in the following table.

Table 1:

Description of keywords and search limits.

DATA BASE

KEY WORDS

DATE

LÍMITES DE BÚSQUEDA

RESULTS

SCOPUS

Metaverse, Cibersecurity,

Privacy, Threats,

Autentication, Data

Protection.

2018-2023

Articles in scientific journals

249

IEEE

Metaverse, Cibersecurity,

Privacy, Threats,

Autentication, Data

Protection.

2018-2023

Articules in conferences and

scientific journals

SEMANTIC

SCHOLAR

Metaverse, Cibersecurity,

Privacy, Threats,

Autentication, Data

Protection.

2018-2023

Articules in conferences and

scientific journals

A. Search and Evaluation of Information in Scientific Research.

To conduct the literature search, three relevant databases were selected for the study's

topic: Scopus, Semantic Scholar, and IEEE. These databases were chosen for their broad

coverage of publications in computer science and emerging technologies. Additionally, these

databases were selected for their advanced search capabilities and relevance in identifying

high-impact publications.

To define the search limits, restrictions were set regarding the publication date and

language. English and Spanish publications were included, and the search was limited to

articles published from January 2018 to February 2023. Furthermore, restrictions were

established regarding the type of publication, selecting only articles and systematic reviews

found in the selected databases. It is worth noting that several preliminary search tests were

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conducted to properly define the limits and achieve a comprehensive and precise search. The

search limits and terms were adjusted for each database, and the results were verified to be

coherent and relevant to the research topic.

The previously identified keywords were used to execute the search strategy, ap-plying

the established search limits in each of the selected databases. The search was conducted in

Scopus, Semantic Scholar, and IEEE, and it was limited to publications between 2018 and

2023. The search strategy was executed in each database independently, recording the obtained

results in a spreadsheet for further analysis.

To ensure the comprehensiveness of the search, both the titles and abstracts of the

retrieved publications were reviewed. Additionally, tools such as searching the biblio-graphic

references of the selected studies were used to identify relevant studies that were not found in

the original search.

Finally, the selected studies were reviewed to confirm that they met the pre-established

inclusion criteria, resulting in a final selection of 30 articles for inclusion in the systematic

review.

Questions posed for article evaluation

Q1: What are the current trends and existing applications for safeguarding information

in the metaverse?

B. Security and privacy in the Metaverse

This question was formulated to identify the latest trends and advancements in security

tools used in the metaverse. Evaluating current trends allows us to under-stand emerging

solutions and approaches in security, providing an updated overview of the most relevant

practices and technologies in this field. Additionally, it helps us identify possible gaps or areas

for improvement in information security in the metaverse.

Gathering recommendations and best practices for protecting information in the

metaverse provides us with practical guidance to ensure data security, privacy, and integrity in

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this virtual environment. Furthermore, it allows us to identify potential challenges and specific

considerations that need to be addressed to effectively safe-guard information in the metaverse.

Security and privacy are critical aspects to consider in the development and adoption

of the metaverse. Several studies have addressed these concerns from different perspectives,

providing a valuable body of knowledge on how to address challenges related to the protection

of personal data, information integrity, and risk mitigation in this emerging virtual

environment.

"Design of Secure Mutual Authentication Scheme for Metaverse Environments Using

Blockchain" Addresses the challenge of ensuring security and integrity of transactions and

authentication in the metaverse. The authors propose a secure mutual authentication scheme

based on blockchain technology. Their approach relies on utilizing blockchain as a trustworthy

and attack-resistant mechanism to protect users' identities and safeguard data confidentiality in

this virtual environment. This approach holds promise, as the decentralized nature and im-

mutability of blockchain technology can provide an additional layer of security and trust in the

metaverse (J. Ryu,2022).

"Use of Metaverse in Education" examines the use of the metaverse as an educational

tool. The author highlights how the metaverse can offer immersive and enriching learning

experiences, enabling students to explore interactive virtual environments and collaborate with

other users. This perspective underscores the potential of the metaverse to transform education

by providing a more engaging and participatory learning environment. However, it is important

to address challenges associated with implementing the metaverse in the educational realm,

such as the necessary technological infrastructure and teacher training (Inceoglu, M. M, 2022).

"Security and Privacy in Metaverse: A Comprehensive Survey" Conducts an exhaustive

review of security and privacy concerns in the metaverse. The authors explore challenges

associated with protecting personal data, information confidentiality, and risk mitigation.

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Through a detailed analysis, they examine various strategies and proposed solutions to address

these issues. This research is valuable as it provides a comprehensive overview of security and

privacy considerations that need to be addressed in metaverse development. Additionally, it

helps identify key areas where further efforts must be made to ensure user protection and data

security in this virtual environment (Huang, Y, 2023).

In the article "The Best Predictor of the Future—the Metaverse, Mental Health, and

Lessons Learned Since Current Technologies" The examination focuses on how the metaverse

and other current technologies can influence mental health. The author analyzes potential

applications of the metaverse in improving emotional well-being and access to mental health

services. Furthermore, lessons learned from other technologies and how they can be applied to

the metaverse in the context of mental health are explored (Benrimoh, F,2022).

In the study "Metaverse-Based Learning Opportunities and Challenges: A

Phenomenological Metaverse Human-Computer Interaction Study" The focus is on the

opportunities and challenges of metaverse-based learning. Through a phenomenological

approach to human-computer interaction, the authors explore how metaverse environments can

enhance learning and promote active student engagement. This approach allows for an

understanding of students' subjective experience when interacting with the metaverse and

provides valuable insights on designing effective learning environments in the metaverse. At

the same time, challenges associated with adopting the metaverse in the educational context,

such as the need for adequate teacher training and effective integration into existing curricula,

are recognized (G Said,2023).

"Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review" Focus-es on the potential of blockchain

technology to enhance security, privacy, and trust in the metaverse. The authors examine how

blockchain technology can provide a solid foundation for ensuring transaction integrity, data

protection, and traceability in this virtual environment. Additionally, they analyze the

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challenges and limitations associated with implementing blockchain in the metaverse, offering

a more comprehensive understanding of security and privacy implications in this context. This

study is essential as it highlights the crucial role that blockchain technology can play in user

protection and data security in the metaverse (Huynh-The, T, 2023).

"Health Care in the Metaverse" Written by researchers in the field of healthcare,

explores the opportunities and challenges of delivering healthcare in the metaverse. The article

examines how virtual environments in the metaverse can facilitate communication between

healthcare providers and patients, as well as improve patient experience and the efficiency of

healthcare services. Ethical and privacy implications related to healthcare in the metaverse are

also discussed (Curtis, & Brolan, 2023).

Pan, Ding, Ge, Han, and Zhang address the control of vehicle convoys in vehicular

cyber-physical systems in the metaverse, specifically focusing on privacy preservation. Their

approach is based on controlling convoys with saturated inputs, and they propose a privacy

preservation scheme that ensures information security in this context (Pan, D, 2023).

Gu et al. present a training system for building evacuation in the metaverse based on

deep reinforcement learning. While the main focus of the article is evacuation training, it is

important to consider the security and privacy aspects related to the use of the metaverse in this

context. The article raises questions about how users' personal data is protected during training

and how information confidentiality is ensured in a shared virtual environment (Gu, J, 2023).

In their research titled "Avatar Marketing: A Study on the Engagement and Authenticity

of Virtual Influencers on Instagram" The authors examine the phenomenon of avatar marketing

and its impact on Instagram. This study focuses on analyzing the engagement and authenticity

of virtual influencers compared to hu-man influencers and evaluating their effectiveness in

brand perception. The results provide an understanding of how the use of virtual influencers

can influence consumer perception and engagement with a brand. Additionally, the study

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explores how companies can leverage this strategy in the context of the metaverse, suggesting

new forms of promotion and advertising in virtual environments (de Brito Silva, M. J, 2022).

Rojas et al. focuses on students' perception of using metaverses in online education.

While the main focus is on the learning experience, it is relevant to consider the security and

privacy concerns raised by students regarding the use of metaverses. The article can provide

insights into users' perceptions and expectations of security and privacy in educational virtual

environments (Rojas, X, 2023).

Ifdil et al. discuss the use of virtual reality in the metaverse to address mental health

challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the article focuses on mental health, it raises

the question of the security and privacy of personal health data in virtual environments. How

user data is protected in the context of virtual healthcare in the metaverse and how security and

privacy concerns are addressed can be explored (Ifdil, D, 2023).

Kwok and Tang present a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach to support

customer-centered innovation in designing virtual reality headsets in the metaverse. While the

main focus is on decision-making, security and privacy aspects related to the collection and

management of users' personal data in the context of personalization and adaptation of virtual

reality headsets in the metaverse can be analyzed (Kwok, C. P, 2023).

Shao et al. explore the technologies, applications, challenges, and the future of the

"medical metaverse." While the main focus is on medical application, it is important to consider

security and privacy aspects in the context of managing and protecting sensitive health data in

virtual environments related to healthcare (Shao, L., Tang, 2023).

Falchuk et al. analyzes privacy in the social metaverse. The article raises concerns about

users' privacy in shared virtual environments and highlights the im-portance of addressing

privacy challenges to ensure a secure experience in the metaverse (Shi, G, 2023).

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Nevelsteen addresses the definition of the virtual world from a technological

perspective and its application in video games, mixed reality, and the metaverse. While the

article does not specifically focus on security and privacy in the metaverse, it provides an

important foundation for understanding the technological fundamentals and applications of the

concept. Considering the context of security and privacy in the metaverse, Nevelsteen's article

raises the need to address issues related to the protection of personal data, information security,

and confidentiality in virtual environments. The discussion on the technological definition of

the virtual world can serve as a starting point for considering security and privacy implications

in the metaverse (Nevelsteen, K. J, 2018).

C. Education and training in the Metaverse

Zhou et al. explores the notion of ownership in the virtual world and its implications

for long-term user innovation success. While not directly focused on education in the

Metaverse, the concept of ownership may be relevant in virtual educational environments

where students may have rights over their creations and contributions. This article raises the

question of how ownership can influence student motivation and engagement in the educational

Metaverse (Zhou, M, 2018).

Nalbant and Uyanik specifically focus on computer vision in the Metaverse. They

explore the potential applications of computer vision in virtual environments and how it can

enhance the learning experience in the Metaverse. Computer vision can be used for activities

such as eye tracking, gesture recognition, and emotion detection, enabling more immersive and

personalized interaction in virtual educational environments (Nalbant, K. G, 2021).

Ronzani raises the question of whether the law will transcend into the Metaverse. It

examines the legal and ethical challenges associated with the Metaverse and how current

regulations can adapt to this new environment. In the context of education in the Metaverse,

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this article highlights the importance of creating clear legal frameworks and data protection

policies to ensure the privacy and security of students and educators (Ronzani, D, 2021).

Wang analyzes cognitive philosophy in relation to the cognitive subject dilemma

caused by the Metaverse. While not directly focused on education in the Metaverse, this article

raises interesting questions about how interaction with virtual environments can influence

cognition and individual perception. These aspects may have implications for the design and

delivery of educational experiences in the Metaverse (Wang, Z, 2023).

Agarwal et al. examines the relationship between the metaverse and big data. While not

specifically focused on education in the Metaverse, analyzing this relationship may have

implications for personalization and adaptation of education in virtual environments.

Collecting and analyzing large volumes of data can help better understand the needs and

preferences of students, leading to a more effective and personalized educational experience

(Agarwal, V, 2023).

Yoo et al. presents a research agenda for understanding the future of re-tail in the

Metaverse. While not directly focused on education, this article highlights the potential of the

Metaverse as an environment for delivering educational content and facilitating interaction

between students and educators. Retail in the Metaverse can offer opportunities for creating

engaging educational environments and collabo-ration among different stakeholders in the

education field (Yoo, K, 2023).

Huang et al. conducts a comprehensive study on security and privacy in the Metaverse.

It analyzes challenges and solutions related to data protection and user privacy in virtual

environments. Security and privacy are fundamental aspects to consider in education in the

Metaverse, where appropriate measures must be established to ensure data protection and user

confidentiality (Huang, Y, 2023).

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D. Security aspects and applications of the Metaverse

Fan et al. presents an integrated cognition-based system for crack detection in road

maintenance. While not directly focused on security and privacy in the educational Metaverse,

it highlights the importance of integrating cyber-physical-social systems to address practical

challenges. This integration can also be applied in the context of the educational Metaverse to

ensure data security and privacy, as well as the protection of sensitive information of students

and educators (Fan, L, 2023).

Chen et al. proposes a blockchain-based signature exchange protocol for the Metaverse.

Blockchain technology can play a crucial role in security and privacy in virtual environments

by providing a secure way of authentication and transaction recording. In the educational

Metaverse, the application of blockchain can ensure the integrity of educational credentials and

protect the privacy of student data (Chen, J, 2023).

Hollensen et al. focuses on the Metaverse as a new marketing universe. While not

directly addressing security and privacy, it emphasizes the importance of considering these

aspects when utilizing the Metaverse for commercial purposes. In the educational context, this

implies that institutions and service providers in the Metaverse should take appropriate

measures to safeguard the security and privacy of students, ensuring that data collection and

usage are done ethically and transparently (Hollensen, S, 2023).

Rojas et al. investigates students' perception of metaverses for online education in

higher education. While not specifically focused on security and privacy, it is relevant to

consider students' opinions regarding these aspects. Security and privacy are important

concerns for students when engaging in virtual learning environments, and their perceptions

can influence the acceptance and adoption of the Metaverse in education (Rojas, E, 2023).

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Lee et al. examines how avatar identification affects enjoyment in the Metaverse,

considering personalization and social engagement. While not directly focused on security and

privacy, it highlights the importance of digital identity and privacy protection in the Metaverse.

Personalization and social engagement aspects can influence how users safeguard and manage

their personal information in virtual environments and how they feel secure when interacting

with others (Lee, H.-W, 2023).

Kuo et al. proposes a novel statistical mechanism for intrusion detection in the

Metaverse, specifically wormhole attacks. This approach highlights the importance of

implementing effective intrusion detection systems to protect security in complex virtual

environments like the Metaverse (Kuo, S.-Y, 2023).

Zhang et al. focuses on parallel vision in intelligent transportation systems in the

Metaverse. It highlights the challenges and solutions for applying parallel vision in this context

and emphasizes potential applications in enhancing transportation security and traffic

management in virtual environments (Zhang, G, 2023).

Vondráček et al. addresses malware in the immersive virtual reality of the Metaverse

and the man-in-the-room attack and its defenses. This work highlights the security risks

associated with immersion in the Metaverse and proposes defense measures to mitigate

malware threats and protect user privacy (Vondráček, M, 2023).

McStay addresses virtual governance and the lack of common spaces in the Metaverse.

While not directly focused on security, it highlights the importance of addressing governance

aspects and the ethical challenges associated with the Metaverse to ensure a safe and equitable

environment for users (McStay, 2023).

Xu et al. proposes a blockchain-enabled trustless Metaverse architecture. The use of

blockchain can provide security and reliability in the Metaverse by ensuring data integrity and

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transaction transparency. Additionally, it highlights the role of blockchain in protecting

intellectual property and user rights in the Metaverse (Xu, M, 2023).

Q2. How is information affected in the Metaverse?

X. Li focuses on researching the application and risk prevention of the Metaverse in

vocational education. The author explores how the Metaverse can be used in vocational

education to enhance training and practical skill learning while addressing potential risks and

challenges (Li, X, 2022).

Regarding how information is affected in the Metaverse, there are several aspects to

consider. Firstly, the Metaverse is a highly interactive and collaborative virtual environment

where users can create, share, and access a vast amount of real-time information. This implies

that information can be generated and modified by multiple actors within the Metaverse, posing

challenges in terms of reliability and authenticity of information.

X. Liu's article centers on the application of the Metaverse in ecological education. The

author explores how the Metaverse can be used as a tool to teach people about the importance

and conservation of the environment, providing immersive and interactive experiences in

virtual environments (Liu, X, 2022).

Regarding how information is affected in the Metaverse, it can be said that there are

several important considerations. The Metaverse is a virtual space where users can interact,

communicate, and share information in real time. However, like in any digital environment,

information in the Metaverse can be influenced by various factors.

One of the challenges is the security of information in the Metaverse. Since the

Metaverse is an open and ever-evolving space, there is a risk of cyber-attacks, identity theft,

and privacy breaches. Users must take precautions to protect their personal information and be

aware of potential digital threats.

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Information in the Metaverse is affected in various ways. Firstly, Cheng et al. highlight

the importance of adopting a zero-trust security approach in the Metaverse. This approach

acknowledges that trust cannot be automatically granted, and information in the Metaverse

must be continuously and rigorously protected. Security system vulnerabilities can expose

sensitive data and compromise user privacy (Cheng, R, 2023).

On the other hand, Dwivedi et al. analyze the negative impacts of the Metaverse from

multiple perspectives. They highlight potential risks associated with information in the

Metaverse, such as loss of privacy, exposure to cyber-attacks, and misuse of personal data.

These risks can have significant consequences for users and society at large, underscoring the

importance of addressing security and information protection in the Metaverse (Dwivedi, Y,

2023).

In line with this, Kang et al. focus on security and privacy requirements for Metaverse

applications. They emphasize the need to establish robust security and privacy measures that

protect users' confidential information, such as personal identification data and financial

transactions. These requirements are fundamental to ensuring users' trust in the Metaverse and

fostering its widespread adoption (Kang, J, 2021).

Q3. What tools ensure navigation in the Metaverse is secure?

Safe navigation in the Metaverse is ensured through various tools and approaches.

Gupta et al. highlights the Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) model as a viable tool for securing

the Metaverse. The ZTA approach is based on the premise that no entity or user should be

automatically trusted and advocates for the implementation of rigorous security measures at all

levels, from authentication to resource access, with the goal of protecting navigation and data

in the Metaverse (Gupta, H, 2023).

Furthermore, Ali et al. mentions the integration of technologies such as Explainable AI

and blockchain technology as tools to ensure navigation in the Metaverse, especially in the

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context of healthcare. These technologies ensure immersion in the Metaverse while ensuring

trust and patient data protection (Ali, S, 2023).

Bibri et al. [44] also address the Metaverse platform as a tool to ensure secure

navigation in the context of smart urbanism. It emphasizes how the platformization of the

Metaverse, along with its institutional processes, can provide a secure framework for

interacting and navigating in virtual urban environments.

Additionally, Bibri and Allam examine the Metaverse as a virtual form of da-ta-driven

smart cities. They emphasize the importance of addressing ethical aspects related to

hyperconnectivity, datafication, algorithmization, and platformization of urban society in the

Metaverse, including the protection of privacy and data security (Bibri, S. E, 2022).

Research Design

Description of the Study Type Conducted

In this study, a systematic literature review has been conducted using the PRISMA

(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) methodology, as it

provides a structured and transparent framework for conducting literature re-views, minimizing

bias and maximizing result reproducibility.

The PARSIFAL tool has been employed to facilitate the organization and selection of

the most relevant studies. The main objective of this systematic literature review is to identify

current trends in information security tools within the metaverse, in order to gain a clear

understanding of the security solutions being implemented in this virtual environment.

Additionally, the study aims to identify gaps in existing knowledge and areas for future

research in this field.

Rationale for the Design Used

The systematic literature review was chosen as the study design due to its rigorous and

objective methodology that allows for the synthesis of all available evidence on a specific topic.

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Additionally, the systematic review is suitable for identifying and analyzing trends in

information security tools in the metaverse. The study design will enable the identification of

current trends in information security tools in the metaverse, providing a clear understanding

of the security solutions being applied in this virtual environment. Furthermore, the design is

expected to identify potential gaps in existing knowledge and areas for future research in this

field.

The advantages of a systematic literature review include its methodological rigor and

ability to synthesize all available evidence. However, the systematic review is limited by the

quality and availability of the evidence, as well as the potential for biases in the studies included

in the review.

The following diagram illustrates the process of the systematic literature review

conducted in this research:

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Fig. 1. Flowchart representing the systematic review

Description of the Context and Study Population

The systematic literature review was chosen as the study design due to its rigorous and

objective methodology that allows for the synthesis of all available evidence on a specific topic.

Additionally, the systematic review is suitable for identifying and analyzing trends in

information security tools in the metaverse. The study design will enable the identification of

current trends in information security tools in the metaverse, providing a clear understanding

of the security solutions being applied in this virtual environment. Furthermore, the design is

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expected to identify potential gaps in existing knowledge and areas for future research in this

field.

Resultados

E. Summary of the main findings

Following the systematic review of studies related to the Metaverse in the IEEE,

SemanticSchollar, and Scopus databases, it was found that the majority of the works focus on

the following topics: immersive technologies, user experiences, applications in different fields

such as education, entertainment, and commerce, and challenges related to security and

privacy. Regarding evaluation methods, a variety of approaches were identified in the studies,

including questionnaires, experiments, and user testing. Overall, the results show great interest

and potential in the concept of the Metaverse, but there are also concerns regarding ethical and

privacy aspects that need to be addressed in future research.

The Metaverse has emerged as a fascinating virtual reality and digital space where users

can interact, explore, and create in a three-dimensional virtual environment. As this technology

continues to evolve, it is crucial to analyze and discuss the results and implications it has in

various aspects of our society. In this section, we will examine in-depth the key aspects of the

Metaverse, its strengths, weaknesses, critical points, security, and existing tools, providing a

comprehensive analysis of this innovative technology.

The analysis of user experiences in the Metaverse is a recurring theme in the studies.

These studies focus on how users interact with the virtual environment, how they perceive and

respond to the simulated reality, and how they are influenced by elements such as social

presence and the sense of immersion. Understanding user experiences is crucial for improving

the quality and user satisfaction in the Metaverse.

Considerable interest has been identified in the applications of the Metaverse in

different fields such as education, entertainment, and commerce. Researchers explore how the

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Metaverse can be used as an educational tool, a means of interactive entertainment, and a

platform for virtual commerce. These studies analyze the potential benefits and challenges

associated with the implementation of these applications in the Metaverse.

Security and privacy are important concerns in the Metaverse. Work has been done to

address the challenges of security and privacy in this virtual environment. This includes the

development of appropriate security measures and privacy policies, the protection of personal

data, and the prevention of security breaches. Researchers propose solutions to ensure the

integrity and confidentiality of information in the Metaverse, as well as to address ethical

concerns related to data collection and usage in this environment.

Regarding the evaluation methods used in the studies, a variety of approaches were

found. Some researchers used questionnaires and surveys to gather data on user perception and

satisfaction in the Metaverse. Others conducted controlled experiments to evaluate the

performance of Metaverse technologies and applications. User testing was also carried out to

identify areas for improvement and optimize the usability of the virtual environment.

In summary, studies in the Metaverse focus on analyzing user experiences, exploring

applications in different fields, addressing security and privacy concerns, and using various

evaluation methods to understand and improve the virtual environment.

In conclusion, the findings of the systematic review highlight the growing interest and

potential of the Metaverse in various areas. There is a focus on immersive technologies, user

experiences, applications in fields such as education and entertainment, as well as challenges

related to security and privacy. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research

and development in the field of the Metaverse and underscore the need to address ethical and

privacy aspects to ensure responsible and secure adoption of this innovative technology.

F. Strengths of the Metaverse

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The Metaverse offers a range of strengths that make it attractive to both users and

businesses. Firstly, it provides an immersive and highly interactive virtual space that allows

users to experience new realities and environments without physical limitations. This ability to

escape the constraints of the real world and immerse oneself in virtual experiences has opened

up endless possibilities in areas such as education, entertainment, commerce, and

communication. Additionally, the Metaverse fosters collaboration and collective creation.

Users can connect with people from around the world, work on joint projects, and share

knowledge and skills. This has led to a new form of social interaction and collaboration, which

has proven to be particularly valuable in educational and professional settings.

The Metaverse offers significant advantages for businesses, providing unprecedented

business opportunities. Brands and organizations can establish a virtual presence in the

Metaverse, creating interactive and personalized brand experiences for their customers. This

allows them to reach global audiences and promote their products and services in innovative

ways.

Furthermore, the Metaverse provides a conducive environment for virtual commerce.

Companies can set up virtual stores, organize sales events, and conduct online business

transactions. This adds a new dimension to e-commerce, offering a more immersive and

socially connected shopping experience.

Another strength of the Metaverse is its potential as an educational platform. Virtual

environments can offer highly interactive and engaging learning experiences. Students can

explore complex concepts and phenomena visually and practically, facilitating understanding

and engagement. Additionally, the Metaverse enables collaboration and group learning,

fostering teamwork and the construction of collective knowledge.

The Metaverse also provides opportunities for creativity and artistic expression. Users

can design and build their own virtual environments, create customized objects and avatars,

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and participate in artistic and cultural activities. This allows individuals to explore their

creativity, showcase their work to the world, and collaborate with other artists and creators.

In terms of communication, the Metaverse offers new forms of social interaction. Users

can communicate through avatars and participate in virtual events and meetings. This has

proven to be especially valuable in situations where physical distance is a barrier, enabling

people to connect and relate regardless of their geographical location.

In summary, the Metaverse offers business opportunities, virtual commerce, innovative

education, artistic expression, and socially connected communication, providing businesses

with an innovative platform to interact with customers, students, and communities at large.

The strengths of the Metaverse include immersion and interactivity, collaboration and

collective creation, business opportunities, innovative education, artistic expression, and

advanced forms of communication. These strengths make the Metaverse an appealing and

promising virtual environment, with great potential to transform how we interact, learn, work,

and have fun in the digital world.

G. Weaknesses and Critical Points

Although the Metaverse promises many advantages, it also faces significant challenges.

One of the main critical points is the necessary technological infrastructure for it to function

optimally. Creating and maintaining a Metaverse requires a robust infrastructure in terms of

hardware, software, and network connectivity. Additionally, it is important to ensure that

access to the Metaverse is inclusive and available to all people, regardless of their location or

socioeconomic status.

Another significant challenge revolves around security and data protection. As the

Metaverse becomes an increasingly used and valuable environment, it is essential to address

concerns related to user privacy and security. Protecting personal data, pre-venting

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cyberattacks, and establishing strong digital security practices are critical aspects that must be

proactively addressed.

The Metaverse already faces challenges in terms of regulation and governance. As

adoption and use of the Metaverse grow, it becomes necessary to establish clear regulatory

frameworks and regulations to ensure a safe and ethical environment. This involves addressing

issues such as intellectual property, copyright, legal liability, and user rights protection. The

lack of adequate regulation could lead to legal disputes and conflicts related to ownership and

use of content in the Metaverse.

A weakness of the Metaverse is the entry barrier for many users. Although technology

has advanced significantly, there are still technical and economic obstacles that limit access to

the Metaverse. To fully enjoy virtual experiences, users need compatible devices such as virtual

reality headsets or powerful computer systems, which can be costly. Additionally, a high-speed

and stable internet connection is re-quired to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted experience.

These barriers can limit the mass adoption of the Metaverse and create a digital divide between

those who can access it and those who cannot.

Despite the technical and access challenges, the Metaverse also raises ethical and social

concerns. As users immerse themselves in virtual environments, it is important to consider how

this can affect their mental and emotional well-being. Excessive time spent in the Metaverse

can lead to social isolation and neglect of relationships and activities in the real world.

Moreover, there is a risk of the Metaverse becoming a haven for harmful behaviors such as

harassment, abuse, or discrimination. It is crucial to establish guidelines and policies to foster

a culture of respect and safety in the Metaverse and effectively address these issues.

Among many others, the Metaverse faces challenges in terms of interoperability and

standards. As multiple platforms and virtual environments emerge, it is essential to ensure they

can communicate and share information efficiently. Lack of interoperability can limit users'

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ability to interact and seamlessly move between different Metaverses and restrict the potential

for collaboration and collective creation. Establishing common standards and communication

protocols is crucial to overcome this challenge and foster a more connected and accessible

Metaverse.

The Metaverse faces challenges in terms of technological infrastructure, data security,

regulation and governance, access barriers, ethical and social concerns, and in-teroperability.

Addressing these weaknesses and critical points is crucial to ensure the sustainable and ethical

development of the Metaverse and maximize its potential for the benefit of users and society

at large.

Identification of study limitations

Regarding the limitations of the study, it is important to highlight some aspects. First,

the selection of articles from the databases may not have been exhaustive, meaning that some

relevant studies could have been omitted. This may limit the representativeness of the findings

and the generalizability of the results to the entire research on the Metaverse. Additionally, the

number of selected articles compared to the universe of existing publications may be

considered small, which can also affect the capacity to generalize the findings.

Another limitation is related to the heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of

approaches, methodologies, and results. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to con-duct a

systematic comparative analysis and identify clear patterns in the literature. It is important to

consider this diversity when interpreting the study results and acknowledge that there are

different perspectives and approaches in the field of the Metaverse.

To address these limitations, it is suggested to expand the sample of articles and use

more rigorous criteria for study selection. This involves including a greater diversity of

approaches and methodologies to obtain a more comprehensive picture of research in the field

of the Metaverse. Additionally, a more thorough analysis of the identified patterns and trends

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in the studies is recommended, which would allow for a better understanding of the most

promising research areas and advancements in the field.

Furthermore, it is important to consider conducting more objective and standardized

quality assessments of the included studies. This entails using recognized criteria in the field

of Metaverse research to ensure a more accurate evaluation of quality and enable a more

reliable comparison of the results.

Lastly, it is suggested that future research expands its sources of information beyond

the databases used in this study. This involves considering specialized journals, conferences,

and other relevant sources to gain a more comprehensive view of research and advancements

in the field of the Metaverse.

In summary, although this study provides an overview of the findings in the field of the

Metaverse, it is important to consider the mentioned limitations and view them as opportunities

for future research. By addressing these limitations, a more comprehensive and accurate

understanding of trends, applications, and challenges in the Metaverse can be achieved.

H. Discussion of Practical Applications and Future Research In this Topic

The provided paragraph gives an overview of the key points addressed in the selected

articles on the Metaverse. It highlights the excitement and expectations generated by the

Metaverse in various fields such as secure authentication, identity management, education, and

mental health. However, it also mentions concerns and challenges associated with security,

privacy, psychological and social impact, and equity in the Metaverse.

The article emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic and multidisciplinary

approach to address these challenges and harness the opportunities of the Metaverse in an

ethical and responsible manner. Additionally, it underscores the need for further research in

areas such as marketing in the Metaverse and human-computer interaction to better understand

the social and economic dynamics in this virtual environment.

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Discussing the practical implications and future research in the Metaverse topic is

crucial as it can provide an overview of how this technology can impact different industries

and areas of research.

In practical terms, it has been observed that the Metaverse has great potential to

transform how we interact with the digital world, opening up new possibilities for education,

entertainment, commerce, and communication. For example, the Metaverse can be used to

create simulations of real-world environments for skills learning and workforce training in

different industries. It can also be used to enhance accessibility to services and products,

enabling people to interact with them in a more immersive and personalized way.

Regarding future research, deeper exploration is needed on the technical and ethical

challenges that may arise with the use of the Metaverse. It is necessary to investigate how user

data and privacy can be protected and how issues such as harassment and discrimination in

virtual spaces can be prevented. It is also important to research how accessibility and inclusion

can be ensured in the Metaverse to avoid creating digital inequalities. Additionally, research is

needed on how the Metaverse can impact the economy and society at large. Understanding how

the Metaverse can create new job opportunities and how it can affect existing industries is

necessary. Research is also needed on how the Metaverse can impact culture and identity, and

how it can be used to address social and environmental issues.

Overall, the Metaverse is an exciting technology that has the potential to trans-form

how we interact with the digital world. However, it is important to address the challenges and

limitations that may arise and continue researching how it can be effectively and responsibly

used to improve people's lives.

II. Evolution of information security research in the metaverse: an analysis of sources

and quality

This overarching theme addresses both the quantity of research produced (represent-ed

by "Articles by Source") and the quality and acceptance of such research (represented by

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"Articles Accepted by Source") in the context of the metaverse and information security. You

can develop your article around this theme, exploring how re-search in this area has evolved

over time and how different sources contribute to understanding the challenges and solutions

in this emerging field.

I. Articles per Source

In this study, a comprehensive analysis of academic and research literature related to

information security in the metaverse was conducted. Data were gathered from multiple

sources, including specialized journals, renowned conferences, and academic repositories. The

results reveal a significant distribution in the contribution of different sources. Particularly

noteworthy is a notable increase in the number of articles published in high-impact information

security journals, indicating a growing interest and commitment from the academic community

to address security challenges in the metaverse.

Fig. 2. Figure representing the percentage of articles per database

J. Accepted Articles by Source:

In addition to the quantity of articles published by source, we also assessed the

acceptance rate across various academic outlets. The data demonstrate that, although research

production in information security in the metaverse is on the rise, the acceptance rate varies

significantly among sources. Leading journals and conferences in the field tend to have more

competitive acceptance rates, underscoring the importance of high-quality contributions in this

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domain. These findings indicate the need for a selective and rigorous approach when choosing

publication sources for researchers and professionals interested in security in the metaverse.

Fig. 3. Chart representing the ammount of articles per database

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